Chapter 1. General Provisions of California Health And Safety Code >> Division 26. >> Part 5. >> Chapter 1.

The Legislature finds and declares as follows:
  (a) The emission of air pollutants from motor vehicles is the primary cause of air pollution in many parts of the state.
  (b) The control and elimination of those air pollutants is of prime importance for the protection and preservation of the public health and well-being, and for the prevention of irritation to the senses, interference with visibility, and damage to vegetation and property.
  (c) The state has a responsibility to establish uniform procedures for compliance with standards which control or eliminate those air pollutants.
  (d) Vehicle emission standards applied to new motor vehicles, and to used motor vehicles equipped with motor vehicle pollution control devices, are standards with which all motor vehicles shall comply.
  (e) Dependence on petroleum based fuels in motor vehicles not only contributes to substantial degradation of air quality and risk to public health, but also impedes the state's progress toward the petroleum use reduction goal prescribed in Section 25000.5 of the Public Resources Code.

The Legislature further finds and declares as follows:
  (a) Despite the significant reductions in vehicle emissions which have been achieved in recent years, continued growth in population and vehicle miles traveled throughout California have the potential not only to prevent attainment of the state standards, but in some cases, to result in worsening of air quality.
  (b) The attainment and maintenance of the state air quality standards will necessitate the achievement of substantial reductions in new vehicle emissions and substantial improvements in the durability of vehicle emissions systems.
  (c) The burden for achieving needed reductions in vehicle emissions should be distributed equitably among various classes of vehicles, including both on- and off-road vehicles, light-duty cars and trucks, and heavy-duty vehicles, to accomplish improvements in both the emissions level and in-use performance and durability of all new motor vehicles.
  (d) The state board should take immediate action to implement both short- and long-range programs of across-the-board reductions in vehicle emissions and smoke, including smoke from heavy-duty diesel vehicles, which can be relied upon by the districts in the preparation of their attainment plans or plan revisions pursuant to Sections 40911, 40902, and 40925.
  (e) In order to attain the state and federal standards as expeditiously and equitably as possible, it is necessary for the authority of the state board to be clarified and expanded with respect to the control of motor vehicles and motor vehicle fuels.

The provisions of this part shall not apply to:
  (a) Racing vehicles.
  (b) Motorcycles, except as otherwise provided in Section 43107. This section shall become operative on January 1, 1989.

No motor vehicle of historic interest shall be required to have any motor vehicle pollution control device, except for such devices that were required by this part for such vehicles prior to the time that special identification plates were issued for that vehicle pursuant to Section 5004 of the Vehicle Code.

The state board shall waive the provisions of this division on a case-by-case basis for the purpose of allowing the importation of vehicles designed only for use for disabled persons.

Except as otherwise provided in Section 43001, 43002, or 43005, the standards applicable under this part for exhaust emissions for gasoline-powered motor vehicles shall apply to motor vehicles which have been modified or altered to use a fuel other than gasoline or diesel.

Section 43004 of this code, and Sections 4000.1 and 27156 of the Vehicle Code, shall not apply to a motor vehicle altered or modified to use a fuel other than gasoline or diesel completed prior to August 31, 1969.

The state board may certify the fuel system of any motor vehicle powered by a fuel other than gasoline or diesel which meets the standards specified by Section 43004 and adopt test procedures for such certification.

Whenever any motor vehicle is required to be equipped with any motor vehicle pollution control device by rules and regulations adopted by any district pursuant to Section 43658, such motor vehicle shall be equipped with such device.

Except as provided by Sections 43100 and 43101 and Chapter 3 (commencing with Section 43600), all motor vehicles required pursuant to the National Emission Standards Act (42 U.S.C., Secs. 1857f-1 to 1857f-7, inclusive) and the standards and regulations promulgated thereunder, to be equipped with motor vehicle pollution control devices, shall be equipped with such devices required by that act.

In addition to the standards and test procedures adopted by the state board pursuant to Sections 43203.5 and 44201, the state board may adopt, by regulation, alternate test procedures for certifying direct import vehicles identical to the test procedures applicable to those vehicles pursuant to the National Emission Standards Act (42 U.S.C., Secs. 1857f-1 to 1857f-7, incl.) and the regulations adopted thereunder, if the emission standards applicable to those motor vehicles are the standards adopted by the state board for new or used direct import vehicles pursuant to Section 43203.5 or 44201, respectively. Those alternate test procedures shall be adopted only if the state board determines that those procedures would be at least as effective for controlling motor vehicle emissions as the procedures adopted pursuant to Section 43203.5 or 44201, as applicable.

(a) Notwithstanding Section 43012, for the purpose of enforcing or administering Section 27156 of the Vehicle Code, the executive officer of the state board or an authorized representative of the executive officer, upon presentation of credentials or, if necessary under the circumstances, after obtaining a warrant pursuant to Title 13 (commencing with Section 1822.50) of Part 3 of the Code of Civil Procedure, has the right of entry to any premises owned, operated, used, leased, or rented by an owner or operator of any vehicle operated for commercial purposes in order to inspect any such motor vehicle, secure emission samples therefrom, or inspect and copy any maintenance, use, or other records pertaining to that vehicle.
  (b) The state board may collect a civil penalty not to exceed one thousand five hundred dollars ($1,500) for each violation of Section 27156 of the Vehicle Code. Any penalties shall be paid to the Treasurer for deposit in the Air Pollution Control Fund.
  (c) The civil penalty specified in subdivision (b) may be collected for one or more violations involving the tampering with or disabling of a gasoline-powered vehicle's air injection, exhaust gas recirculation, crankcase ventilation, fuel injection, carburetion, ignition timing, or evaporative control system, fuel filler neck restrictor, oxygen sensor or related electronic controls, or catalytic converter, or for the use of leaded fuel in a vehicle certified for the use of unleaded fuel only.
  (d) The civil penalty specified in subdivision (b) may not be collected for a violation that is related to any tampering or disabling of a gasoline-powered vehicle specified in subdivision (c) by a rental customer of that vehicle, including, but not limited to, a missing gasoline filler cap and a disconnected or missing heated air intake tube or vacuum hose. However, if more than 20 percent of an owner's or operator's gasoline-powered vehicles are found to be nonconforming during each of three consecutive inspections conducted 30 or more days apart during any one-year period, the civil penalty specified in subdivision (b) applies and shall be collected for each time a vehicle is found in a nonconforming condition.

Except as otherwise provided in Section 43002, every motor vehicle subject to this part shall meet the standards adopted by the state board pursuant to Sections 27157 and 27157.5 of the Vehicle Code.

(a) If, based on a review of information derived from a statistically valid and representative sample of vehicles, the state board determines that a substantial percentage of any class or category of vehicles certified under the optional standards of Section 43101.5, and of Section 1960.15 of Title 13 of the California Administrative Code, exhibits, prior to 75,000 miles or seven years, whichever occurs first, an identifiable, systematic defect in a component listed in paragraph (2) of subdivision (c) of Section 1960.15, which causes a significant increase in emissions above those exhibited by vehicles free of defects and of the same class or category and having the same period of use and mileage, the state board may invoke its enforcement authority under Section 43105 to require remedial action by the vehicle manufacturer. The remedial action shall be limited to owner notification and repair or replacement of the defective component. As used in this section, the term "defect" shall not include failures which are the result of abuse, neglect, or improper maintenance.
  (b) Nothing in this section shall limit or otherwise affect the recall authority of the state board, except as provided in subdivision (a).

With respect to the program designed and adopted by the Department of Consumer Affairs pursuant to Chapter 20.4 (commencing with Section 9889.50) of Division 3 of the Business and Professions Code, the state board shall, in time for the Department of Consumer Affairs to comply with the schedule specified in subdivisions (a) and (b) of Section 9889.55 of that code, after public hearings, prescribe maximum air pollution emission standards to be applied in inspecting motor vehicles. In prescribing such standards, the state board shall undertake such studies and experiments as are necessary and feasible, evaluate available data, and confer with automotive engineers. The standards shall be set at a level reasonably achievable for each class and model of motor vehicle when operating in a reasonably sound mechanical condition, allowing for the effects of installed motor vehicle pollution control devices, and the motor vehicle's age and total mileage. The standards shall be designed to secure the operation of all such motor vehicles, as soon as possible, with a substantial reduction in air pollution emissions, and shall be revised from time to time, as experience justifies.

(a) The state board shall establish criteria for the evaluation of the effectiveness of motor vehicle pollution control devices. After the establishment of such criteria, the state board shall evaluate motor vehicle pollution control devices which have been submitted to it for testing.
  (b) The criteria established by the state board pursuant to subdivision (a) shall include, but need not be limited to:
  (1) Provisions for the testing of vehicles on which a device is installed, when an engineering evaluation of the device indicates such testing is warranted.
  (2) A requirement that independent test data be supplied to the state board for each device it is requested to test.

(a) Every three years, the state board shall review its existing enforcement of diesel emission control regulations and anticipated enforcement needs for future diesel emission control regulations for manufacturers, owners, or operators of on-road and off-road vehicles and engines to implement the state board's Diesel Risk Reduction Plan and Emission Reduction Plan for Ports and Goods Movement, and develop a strategic plan for consistent, comprehensive, and fair enforcement of these regulations.
  (b) The state board shall consult with the districts and the public in developing the plan, and shall review the plan at a public board meeting.
  (c) The plan shall include, but is not limited to, all of the following:
  (1) An assessment of the need for additional staff and technology resources at the state board to ensure that the appropriate resources are available to ensure consistent enforcement of diesel emission control regulations for on-road and off-road vehicles and engines throughout the state and in areas where diesel emissions are concentrated.
  (2) Goals for inspection frequency for the next three years to promote the maximum level of compliance with diesel emission control regulations for on-road and off-road vehicles and engines.
  (3) An education and outreach component to increase public awareness and understanding of the diesel regulations identified in subdivision (a). The education and outreach component shall include the placement of signs and other materials in multiple languages where appropriate in locations where significant numbers of idling trucks and engines have been found, especially locations near schools and residential communities, to ensure that operators of trucks traveling through the state and other affected individuals and businesses are aware of the state's diesel engine idling requirements.
  (4) A training program for local enforcement staff, including, but not limited to, outreach to highway patrol, local police, and local air district staff on enforcement of the state's diesel engine idling requirements through workshops, educational material, and training sessions in northern and southern California.
  (d) The state board shall submit the plan prepared pursuant to subdivision (a) to the relevant legislative policy and fiscal committees by January 1, 2009, and every three years thereafter.

(a) For the purpose of enforcing or administering any federal, state, or local law, order, regulation, or rule relating to vehicular sources of emissions, the executive officer of the state board or an authorized representative of the executive officer, or a representative of the department, upon presentation of credentials or, if necessary under the circumstances, after obtaining an inspection warrant pursuant to Title 13 (commencing with Section 1822.50) of Part 3 of the Code of Civil Procedure, has the right of entry to any premises owned, operated, used, leased, or rented by any new or used car dealer, as defined in Sections 285, 286, and 426 of the Vehicle Code, for the purpose of inspecting any vehicle for which emissions standards have been enacted or adopted or for which emissions equipment is required and which is situated on the premises for the purpose of emission-related maintenance, repair, or service, or for the purpose of sale, lease, or rental, whether or not the vehicle is owned by the dealer. The inspection may extend to all emission-related parts and operations of the vehicle, and may require the on-premises operation of an engine or vehicle, the on-premises securing of samples of emissions from the vehicle, and the inspection of any records which relate to vehicular emissions required by the Environmental Protection Agency or by any state or local law, order, regulation, or rule to be maintained by the dealer in connection with the dealer's business.
  (b) The right of entry for inspection under this section is limited to the hours during which the dealer is open to the public, except when the entry is made pursuant to warrant or whenever the executive officer or an authorized representative, or a representative of the department, has reasonable cause to believe that a violation of any federal, state, or local law, order, regulation, or rule has been committed in his or her presence. No vehicle shall be inspected pursuant to this section more than one time without an inspection warrant or without reasonable cause unless the vehicle undergoes a change of ownership or the inspection reveals that the vehicle has failed to comply with required emissions standards or equipment, in which case one additional inspection may be made to verify the violation or to verify that the violation has been corrected.
  (c) With respect to vehicles not owned by the dealer, the state board or the department may not prosecute, without the owner's knowledge or consent, any violation by the owner of any law pertaining to vehicular emissions unless prior notice of the inspection has been given to the owner.
  (d) If the executive officer or authorized representative, or a representative of the department, upon inspection, finds that a used motor vehicle fails to comply with applicable emissions standards or equipment, the state board or the department shall issue a notice to correct and enter the appropriate vehicle information into the centralized computer data base created pursuant to Section 44037.1. Until all violations in the notice have been corrected and the dealer has sent proof of correction by certified mail to the state board or the department, whichever issued the notice, the motor vehicle shall prominently display the following disclosure affixed to the windshield in at least 18-point type: NOT FOR SALE THIS VEHICLE IS PRESENTLY NOT IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE CALIFORNIA VEHICLE POLLUTION CONTROL LAWS AND MAY NOT BE SOLD UNTIL A VALID CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE HAS BEEN ISSUED.

Any dealer who sells a vehicle prohibited to be sold under this subdivision is subject to a civil penalty of not to exceed one thousand dollars ($1,000). For purposes of this subdivision, "proof of correction" shall consist of a copy of a certificate of compliance or noncompliance issued following the issuance of a notice to correct by a licensed test station or licensed repair station not affiliated with or owned by the dealer or any other proof of repair satisfactory to the inspecting officer. The dealer shall send the copy of the certificate of compliance or noncompliance by certified mail to the state board or the department, whichever issued the notice, within three days of obtaining the certificate.
  (e) Civil penalties may be assessed or recovered for one or more violations by a dealer involving the tampering with or disabling of a vehicle's air injection, exhaust gas recirculation, crankcase ventilation, fuel injection or carburetion systems, ignition timing or evaporative controls, fuel filler neck restrictor, oxygen sensor or electronic controls, or missing catalytic converter.
  (f) No civil penalty or criminal penalty may be assessed for a violation by a dealer identified in a notice to correct as a result of an inspection under this section if the violation is related to lack of maintenance or customer tampering or vandalism, including, but not limited to, a missing gasoline filler cap and a disconnected or missing heated air intake tube or vacuum hose. However, if notices to correct are issued under this subdivision to more than 20 percent of the vehicles offered for sale on a dealer's premises during each of three consecutive inspections conducted 30 or more days apart during any one-year period, civil penalties may be assessed and recovered for each vehicle issued a notice to correct.
  (g) If the executive officer or authorized representative, upon inspection, finds that a certificate of compliance or noncompliance was issued to a motor vehicle that fails to comply with applicable emissions standards or equipment, the state board shall immediately refer these findings to the department for investigation under Chapter 5 (commencing with Section 44000). The state board may refer any other suspected violation to the department for appropriate action.
  (h) Notwithstanding Section 17150 of the Vehicle Code, the state shall be liable for any injury or damage caused by the negligent or wrongful act or omission of the operator of any vehicle which is operated pursuant to this section.
  (i) This section provides the exclusive authority for inspections of motor vehicles for the purposes specified in this section.
  (j) As used in this section, the terms "tampering" and "disabling" mean an unauthorized modification, alteration, removal, or disconnection.

(a) The state board shall adopt and implement motor vehicle emission standards, in-use performance standards, and motor vehicle fuel specifications for the control of air contaminants and sources of air pollution which the state board has found to be necessary, cost effective, and technologically feasible, to carry out the purposes of this division, unless preempted by federal law.
  (b) The state board shall, consistent with subdivision (a), adopt standards and regulations for light-duty and heavy-duty motor vehicles, medium-duty motor vehicles, as determined and specified by the state board, portable fuel containers and spouts, and off-road or nonvehicle engine categories, including, but not limited to, off-highway motorcycles, off-highway vehicles, construction equipment, farm equipment, utility engines, locomotives, and, to the extent permitted by federal law, marine vessels.
  (c) Prior to adopting standards and regulations for farm equipment, the state board shall hold a public hearing and find and determine that the standards and regulations are necessary, cost effective, and technologically feasible. The state board shall also consider the technological effects of emission control standards on the cost, fuel consumption, and performance characteristics of mobile farm equipment.
  (d) Notwithstanding subdivision (b), the state board shall not adopt any standard or regulation affecting locomotives until the final study required under Section 5 of Chapter 1326 of the Statutes of 1987 has been completed and submitted to the Governor and Legislature.
  (e) Prior to adopting or amending any standard or regulation relating to motor vehicle fuel specifications pursuant to this section, the state board shall, after consultation with public or private entities that would be significantly impacted as described in paragraph (2) of subdivision (f), do both of the following:
  (1) Determine the cost-effectiveness of the adoption or amendment of the standard or regulation. The cost-effectiveness shall be compared on an incremental basis with other mobile source control methods and options.
  (2) Based on a preponderance of scientific and engineering data in the record, determine the technological feasibility of the adoption or amendment of the standard or regulation. That determination shall include, but is not limited to, the availability, effectiveness, reliability, and safety expected of the proposed technology in an application that is representative of the proposed use.
  (f) Prior to adopting or amending any motor vehicle fuel specification pursuant to this section, the state board shall do both of the following:
  (1) To the extent feasible, quantitatively document the significant impacts of the proposed standard or specification on affected segments of the state's economy. The economic analysis shall include, but is not limited to, the significant impacts of any change on motor vehicle fuel efficiency, the existing motor vehicle fuel distribution system, the competitive position of the affected segment relative to border states, and the cost to consumers.
  (2) Consult with public or private entities that would be significantly impacted to identify those investigative or preventive actions that may be necessary to ensure consumer acceptance, product availability, acceptable performance, and equipment reliability. The significantly impacted parties shall include, but are not limited to, fuel manufacturers, fuel distributors, independent marketers, vehicle manufacturers, and fuel users.
  (g) To the extent that there is any conflict between the information required to be prepared by the state board pursuant to subdivision (f) and information required to be prepared by the state board pursuant to Chapter 3.5 (commencing with Section 11340) of Part 1 of Division 3 of Title 2 of the Government Code, the requirements established under subdivision (f) shall prevail.
  (h) It is the intent of the Legislature that the state board act as expeditiously as is feasible to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions from diesel vehicles, marine vessels, and other categories of vehicular and mobile sources which significantly contribute to air pollution problems.

(a) The State Energy Resources Conservation and Development Commission, in consultation with, and the state board, shall develop a timetable for the removal of MTBE from gasoline at the earliest possible date. In developing the timetable, the commission and the state board shall consider studies conducted by the commission and should ensure adequate supply and availability of gasoline.
  (b) The state board shall ensure that regulations for California Phase 3 Reformulated Gasoline (CaRFG3) adopted pursuant to Executive Order D-5-99 meet all of the following conditions:
  (1) Maintain or improve upon emissions and air quality benefits achieved by California Phase 2 Reformulated Gasoline in California as of January 1, 1999, including emission reductions for all pollutants, including precursors, identified in the State Implementation Plan for ozone, and emission reductions in potency-weighted air toxics compounds.
  (2) Provide additional flexibility to reduce or remove oxygen from motor vehicle fuel in compliance with the regulations adopted pursuant to subdivision (a).
  (3) Are subject to a multimedia evaluation pursuant to Section 43830.8.
  (c) On or before April 1, 2000, the State Water Resources Control Board, in consultation with the Department of Water Resources and the State Department of Health Services, shall identify areas of the state that are most vulnerable to groundwater contamination by MTBE or other ether-based oxygenates. The State Water Resources Control Board shall direct resources to those areas for protection and cleanup on a prioritized basis. Loans for upgrading, replacing, or removing tanks shall be made available pursuant to Chapter 8.5 (commencing with Section 15399.10) of Part 6.7 of Division 3 of Title 2 of the Government Code. In identifying areas vulnerable to groundwater contamination, the State Water Resources Control Board shall consider criteria including, but not limited to, any one, or any combination of, the following:
  (1) Hydrogeology.
  (2) Soil composition.
  (3) Density of underground storage tanks in relation to drinking water wells.
  (4) Degree of dependence on groundwater for drinking water supplies.

(a) (1) The Legislature finds and declares that variances from the state board's gasoline specifications may be needed if gasoline producers cannot meet the specifications as required due to circumstances beyond their reasonable control, and that the state board's process for granting variances from fuel specifications should be clarified.
  (2) It is the intent of the Legislature that the variance process consider the impacts of granting the variance on all parties, including the applicant, the public, the producers of complying fuel, and upon air quality.
  (b) The state board may grant variances from gasoline specifications adopted by the state board pursuant to Sections 43013 and 43018. In granting a variance, the board may impose fees and conditions.
  (c) The state board shall adopt regulations to implement this section in accordance with Chapter 3.5 (commencing with Section 11340) of Part 1 of Division 3 of Title 2 of the Government Code. The regulations shall establish guidelines for the consideration of variances and the imposition of fees and conditions. Any fees or conditions shall be imposed in a fair and equitable manner consistent with the regulations. The regulations shall include methods for estimating excess emissions and factors to be considered in determining what is beyond the reasonable control of the applicant. The regulations also shall establish a schedule of fees to be paid by an applicant for a variance to cover the reasonable and necessary costs to the state board in processing the variance. The state board shall adopt initial regulations as emergency regulations after conducting at least one public workshop. The initial adoption of emergency regulations following the effective date of this section shall be deemed to be an emergency and necessary for the immediate preservation of the public peace, health and safety, or general welfare.
  (d) All variance fee revenues collected pursuant to this section by the state board, except those fees paid by an applicant for a variance to cover the reasonable and necessary costs to the state board for processing the variance, shall be transmitted to the Treasurer for deposit in the High Polluter Repair or Removal Account created pursuant to subdivision (a) of Section 44091. All money deposited in the account pursuant to this section shall be available, upon appropriation by the Legislature, to implement a program for accelerated retirement of light-duty vehicles to achieve the emission reductions required by the M-1 Strategy of the 1994 State Implementation Plan.
  (e) In considering whether to grant a variance, and with regard to any fees and conditions that are imposed as part of the variance, the state board shall take into account whether granting the variance will place the applicant at a cost advantage over other persons, including those persons who produce complying gasoline.
  (f) Any determination of the state board, or the executive officer of the state board pursuant to the authority delegated pursuant to Section 39516, regarding the issuance of any variance from gasoline specifications shall be based solely upon substantial evidence in the record of the variance proceeding. The variance shall be valid for a period not exceeding 120 days, commencing on or after March 1, 1996. The variance may be extended, subject to this section, for up to 90 additional days, upon a showing of need. The board shall grant a variance only for the minimum period required to attain compliance.
  (g) If a physical catastrophe occurs to a producer of complying gasoline, the state board may extend a variance upon the showing of need. Notwithstanding subdivision (f), any variance extension related to a physical catastrophe shall be approved by the state board. As used in this subdivision, "physical catastrophe" means a sudden unforeseen emergency beyond the reasonable control of the refiner, causing the severe reduction or total loss of one or more critical refinery units that materially impact the refiner's ability to produce complying gasoline. "Physical catastrophe" does not include events which are not physical in nature such as design errors or omissions, financial or economic burdens, or any reduction in production that is not the direct result of qualifying physical damage.
  (h) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, except in the case of emergency variances, the state board shall provide at least 10 days' public notice of its consideration of any variance or extension.
  (i) Subdivisions (b) and (e) do not constitute a change in, but are declaratory of, existing law.

Notwithstanding Section 43013.1, the Secretary for Environmental Protection may prohibit the use of methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) in motor vehicle fuel prior to December 31, 2002, on a subregional basis in the Bay Area Air Basin, or in any other air basin in the state, if the secretary finds and determines all of the following:
  (a) That the removal of MTBE in motor vehicle fuel on a subregional basis will not cause or contribute to the basin being designated as a state or federal nonattainment area for one or more ambient air quality standards, including, but not limited to, state or federal ambient air standards for ambient ozone and carbon monoxide.
  (b) That the removal of MTBE in motor vehicle fuel will not increase potency-weighted air toxic compounds, or violate one or more control measures adopted by the state board or a district pursuant to Chapter 3.5 (commencing with Section 39650) of Part 2.
  (c) That the subregion is a vulnerable groundwater area as defined in Section 25292.4.
  (d) That the removal of MTBE will not significantly affect the price or supply of gasoline in the subregion.

For purposes of implementing and enforcing Section 43020, the State Air Resources Board shall purchase and install a wavelength dispersive XRF spectrometer with the capability to analyze gasoline and diesel fuels and other petroleum products for sulfur content according to ASTM procedures specified by regulation.

The state board may issue permits for the testing of experimental motor vehicle pollution control devices installed in used motor vehicles, or for the testing of experimental or prototype motor vehicles which appear to have very low emission characteristics.

The Air Pollution Control Fund is continued in existence in the State Treasury. Upon appropriation by the Legislature, the money in the fund shall be available to the state board to carry out its duties and functions.

Any person who violates any provision of this part, or any order, rule, or regulation of the state board adopted pursuant to this part, and for which violation there is not provided in this part any other specific civil penalty or fine, shall be subject to a civil penalty not to exceed five hundred dollars ($500) per vehicle, portable fuel container, spout, engine, or other unit subject to regulation under this part, as these terms are defined in this division or state board regulations. Any penalty collected pursuant to this section shall be payable to the State Treasurer for deposit in the Air Pollution Control Fund.

The state board may enjoin any violation of any provision of this part, or of any order, rule, or regulation of the state board, in a civil action brought in the name of the people of the State of California, except that the state board shall not be required to allege facts necessary to show, or tending to show, lack of adequate remedy at law or to show, or tending to show, irreparable damage or loss.

(a) The state board shall endeavor to achieve the maximum degree of emission reduction possible from vehicular and other mobile sources in order to accomplish the attainment of the state standards at the earliest practicable date.
  (b) Not later than January 1, 1992, the state board shall take whatever actions are necessary, cost-effective, and technologically feasible in order to achieve, not later than December 31, 2000, a reduction in the actual emissions of reactive organic gases of at least 55 percent, a reduction in emissions of oxides of nitrogen of at least 15 percent from motor vehicles. These reductions in emissions shall be calculated with respect to the 1987 baseline year. The state board also shall take action to achieve the maximum feasible reductions in particulates, carbon monoxide, and toxic air contaminants from vehicular sources.
  (c) In carrying out this section, the state board shall adopt standards and regulations which will result in the most cost-effective combination of control measures on all classes of motor vehicles and motor vehicle fuel, including, but not limited to, all of the following:
  (1) Reductions in motor vehicle exhaust and evaporative emissions.
  (2) Reductions in emissions from in-use emissions from motor vehicles through improvements in emission system durability and performance.
  (3) Requiring the purchase of low-emission vehicles by state fleet operators.
  (4) Specification of vehicular fuel composition.
  (d) In order to accomplish the purposes of this division, and to ensure timely approval of the district's plans for attainment of the state air quality standards by the state board, the state board shall adopt the following schedule for workshops and hearings to consider the adoption of the standards and regulations required pursuant to this section:
  (1) Workshops on the adoption of vehicular fuel specifications for aromatic content, diesel fuel quality, light-duty vehicle exhaust emission standards, and revisions to the standards for new vehicle certification and durability to reflect current driving conditions and useful vehicle life shall be held not later than March 31, 1989. Hearings of the state board to consider adoption of proposed regulations pursuant to this subdivision shall be held not later than November 15, 1989.
  (2) Notwithstanding Section 43830, workshops on the adoption of regulations governing gasoline Reid vapor pressure, and standards for heavy-duty and medium-duty vehicle emissions, shall be held not later than January 31, 1990. Hearings of the state board to consider adoption of proposed regulations pursuant to this subdivision shall be held not later than November 15, 1990.
  (3) Workshops on the adoption of regulations governing detergent content, emissions from off-highway vehicles, vehicle fuel composition, emissions from construction equipment and farm equipment, motorcycles, locomotives, utility engines, and to the extent permitted by federal law, marine vessels, shall be held not later than January 31, 1991. Hearings of the state board to consider adoption of proposed regulations pursuant to this subdivision shall be held not later than November 15, 1991.
  (e) Prior to adopting standards and regulations pursuant to this section, the state board shall consider the effect of the standards and regulations on the economy of the state, including, but not limited to, motor vehicle fuel efficiency.
  (f) The amendment of this section made at the 1989-90 Regular Session of the Legislature does not constitute a change in, but is declaratory of, the existing law.

(a) The state board shall amend Sections 2449.1 and 2449.2 of Title 13 of the California Code of Regulations to do both of the following:
  (1) Modify the nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) best available control technology requirements to allow a fleet to achieve its cumulative turnover and retrofit requirements for the years 2011 to 2013, inclusive, by completing 20 percent of its cumulative turnover and retrofit obligations in 2011, an additional 20 percent in 2012, and the balance in 2013.
  (2) (A) Modify the nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) credit provisions to reflect vehicle retirements that reduce total fleet horsepower between March 1, 2006, and March 1, 2010, and reduced activity between July 1, 2007, and March 1, 2010.
  (B) "Reduced activity" for the purposes of this paragraph means the percentage reduction in the average annual hours of operation of the off-road fleet. That percentage shall be carried forward as a credit for nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) to offset the annual percentage reductions required for 2010 and 2011. The credit shall not be used to meet any obligations beyond 2011.
  (b) The amendment of regulations required by this section is exempt from the Administrative Procedure Act (Chapter 3.5 (commencing with Section 11340) of Part 1 of Division 3 of Title 2 of the Government Code).

(a) No later than January 1, 2005, the state board shall develop and adopt regulations that achieve the maximum feasible and cost-effective reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from motor vehicles.
  (b) (1) The regulations adopted pursuant to subdivision (a) may not take effect prior to January 1, 2006, in order to give the Legislature time to review the regulations and determine whether further legislation should be enacted prior to the effective date of the regulations, and shall apply only to a motor vehicle manufactured in the 2009 model year, or any model year thereafter.
  (2) (A) Within 10 days of adopting the regulations pursuant to subdivision (a), the state board shall transmit the regulations to the appropriate policy and fiscal committees of the Legislature for review.
  (B) The Legislature shall hold at least one public hearing to review the regulations. If the Legislature determines that the regulations should be modified, it may adopt legislation to modify the regulations.
  (c) In developing the regulations described in subdivision (a), the state board shall do all of the following:
  (1) Consider the technological feasibility of the regulations.
  (2) Consider the impact the regulations may have on the economy of the state, including, but not limited to, all of the following areas:
  (A) The creation of jobs within the state.
  (B) The creation of new businesses or the elimination of existing businesses within the state.
  (C) The expansion of businesses currently doing business within the state.
  (D) The ability of businesses in the state to compete with businesses in other states.
  (E) The ability of the state to maintain and attract businesses in communities with the most significant exposure to air contaminants, localized air contaminants, or both, including, but not limited to, communities with minority populations or low-income populations, or both.
  (F) The automobile workers and affiliated businesses in the state.
  (3) Provide flexibility, to the maximum extent feasible consistent with this section, in the means by which a person subject to the regulations adopted pursuant to subdivision (a) may comply with the regulations. That flexibility shall include, but is not limited to, authorization for a person to use alternative methods of compliance with the regulations. In complying with this paragraph, the state board shall ensure that any alternative methods for compliance achieve the equivalent, or greater, reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases as the emission standards contained in the regulations. In providing compliance flexibility pursuant to this paragraph, the state board may not impose any mandatory trip reduction measure or land use restriction.
  (4) Conduct public workshops in the state, including, but not limited to, public workshops in three of the communities in the state with the most significant exposure to air contaminants or localized air contaminants, or both, including, but not limited to, communities with minority populations or low-income populations, or both.
  (5) (A) Grant emissions reductions credits for any reductions in greenhouse gas emissions from motor vehicles that were achieved prior to the operative date of the regulations adopted pursuant to subdivision (a), to the extent permitted by state and federal law governing emissions reductions credits, by utilizing the procedures and protocols adopted by the California Climate Action Registry pursuant to subdivision (j) of Section 42823.
  (B) For the purposes of this section, the state board shall utilize the 2000 model year as the baseline for calculating emission reduction credits.
  (6) Coordinate with the State Energy Resources Conservation and Development Commission, the California Climate Action Registry, and the interagency task force, convened pursuant to subdivision (e) of Section 25730 of the Public Resources Code, in implementing this section.
  (d) The regulations adopted by the state board pursuant to subdivision (a) shall not require any of the following:
  (1) The imposition of additional fees and taxes on any motor vehicle, fuel, or vehicle miles traveled, pursuant to this section or any other provision of law.
  (2) A ban on the sale of any vehicle category in the state, specifically including, but not limited to, sport utility vehicles and light-duty trucks.
  (3) A reduction in vehicle weight.
  (4) A limitation on, or reduction of, the speed limit on any street or highway in the state.
  (5) A limitation on, or reduction of, vehicle miles traveled.
  (e) The regulations adopted by the state board pursuant to subdivision (a) shall provide an exemption for those vehicles subject to the optional low-emission vehicle standard for oxides of nitrogen (NO x) for exhaust emission standards described in paragraph (9) of subdivision (a) of Section 1961 of Title 13 of the California Code of Regulations.
  (f) Not later than July 1, 2003, the California Climate Action Registry, in consultation with the state board, shall adopt procedures for the reporting of reductions in greenhouse gas emissions from mobile sources to the registry.
  (g) By January 1, 2005, the state board shall report to the Legislature and the Governor on the content of the regulations developed and adopted pursuant to this section, including, but not limited to, the specific actions taken by the state board to comply with paragraphs (1) to (6), inclusive, of subdivision (c), and with subdivision (f). The report shall include, but shall not be limited to, an analysis of both of the following:
  (1) The impact of the regulations on communities in the state with the most significant exposure to air contaminants or toxic air contaminants, or both, including, but not limited to, communities with minority populations or low-income populations, or both.
  (2) The economic and public health impacts of those actions on the state.
  (h) If the federal government adopts a standard regulating a greenhouse gas from new motor vehicles that the state board determines is in a substantially similar timeframe, and of equivalent or greater effectiveness as the regulations that would be adopted pursuant to this section, the state board may elect not to adopt a standard on any greenhouse gas included in the federal standard.
  (i) For the purposes of this section, the following terms have the following meanings:
  (1) "Greenhouse gases" means those gases listed in subdivision (g) of Section 42801.1.
  (2) "Maximum feasible and cost-effective reduction of greenhouse gas emissions" means the greenhouse gas emission reductions that the state board determines meet both of the following criteria:
  (A) Capable of being successfully accomplished within the time provided by this section, taking into account environmental, economic, social, and technological factors.
  (B) Economical to an owner or operator of a vehicle, taking into account the full life-cycle costs of a vehicle.
  (3) "Motor vehicle" means a passenger vehicle, light-duty truck, or any other vehicle determined by the state board to be a vehicle whose primary use is noncommercial personal transportation.

If adopting or amending regulations to reduce motor vehicle cabin temperature in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the state board shall consider all of the following:
  (a) Potential reductions in air-conditioning use that can be achieved while a motor vehicle is moving, in addition to reductions in air-conditioning use when a motor vehicle is parked.
  (b) Potential conflicts between, and relative benefits of, motor vehicle cabin temperature reduction requirements and technologies that provide motor vehicle greenhouse gas emission reductions through various means.
  (c) The flexibility necessary to achieve overall maximum greenhouse gas emission reductions from motor vehicles.

(a) For purposes of this section, the following terms have the following meanings:
  (1) "Commission" means the State Energy Resources Conservation and Development Commission.
  (2) "Publicly available hydrogen-fueling station" means the equipment used to store and dispense hydrogen fuel to vehicles according to industry codes and standards that is open to the public.
  (b) Notwithstanding any other law, the state board shall have no authority to enforce any element of its existing clean fuels outlet regulation or of any other regulation that requires or has the effect of requiring that any supplier, as defined in Section 7338 of the Revenue and Taxation Code as in effect on May 22, 2013, construct, operate, or provide funding for the construction or operation of any publicly available hydrogen-fueling station.
  (c) On or before June 30, 2014, and every year thereafter, the state board shall aggregate and make available all of the following:
  (1) The number of hydrogen-fueled vehicles that motor vehicle manufacturers project to be sold or leased over the next three years as reported to the state board pursuant to the Low Emission Vehicle regulations, as currently established in Sections 1961 to 1961.2, inclusive, of Title 13 of the California Code of Regulations.
  (2) The total number of hydrogen-fueled vehicles registered with the Department of Motor Vehicles through April 30.
  (d) On or before June 30, 2014, and every year thereafter, the state board, based on the information made available pursuant to subdivision (c), shall do both of the following:
  (1) Evaluate the need for additional publicly available hydrogen-fueling stations for the subsequent three years in terms of quantity of fuel needed for the actual and projected number of hydrogen-fueled vehicles, geographic areas where fuel will be needed, and station coverage.
  (2) Report findings to the commission on the need for additional publicly available hydrogen-fueling stations in terms of number of stations, geographic areas where additional stations will be needed, and minimum operating standards, such as number of dispensers, filling protocols, and pressures.
  (e) (1) The commission shall allocate twenty million dollars ($20,000,000) annually to fund the number of stations identified pursuant to subdivision (d), not to exceed 20 percent of the moneys appropriated by the Legislature from the Alternative and Renewable Fuel and Vehicle Technology Fund, established pursuant to Section 44273, until there are at least 100 publicly available hydrogen-fueling stations in operation in California.
  (2) If the commission, in consultation with the state board, determines that the full amount identified in paragraph (1) is not needed to fund the number of stations identified by the state board pursuant to subdivision (d), the commission may allocate any remaining moneys to other projects, subject to the requirements of the Alternative and Renewable Fuel and Vehicle Technology Program pursuant to Article 2 (commencing with Section 44272) of Chapter 8.9.
  (3) Allocations by the commission pursuant to this subdivision shall be subject to all of the requirements applicable to allocations from the Alternative and Renewable Fuel and Vehicle Technology Program pursuant to Article 2 (commencing with Section 44272) of Chapter 8.9.
  (4) The commission, in consultation with the state board, shall award moneys allocated in paragraph (1) based on best available data, including information made available pursuant to subdivision (d), and input from relevant stakeholders, including motor vehicle manufacturers that have planned deployments of hydrogen-fueled vehicles, according to a strategy that supports the deployment of an effective and efficient hydrogen-fueling station network in a way that maximizes benefits to the public while minimizing costs to the state.
  (5) Notwithstanding paragraph (1), once the commission determines, in consultation with the state board, that the private sector is establishing publicly available hydrogen-fueling stations without the need for government support, the commission may cease providing funding for those stations.
  (6) On or before December 31, 2015, and annually thereafter, the commission and the state board shall jointly review and report on progress toward establishing a hydrogen-fueling network that provides the coverage and capacity to fuel vehicles requiring hydrogen fuel that are being placed into operation in the state. The commission and the state board shall consider the following, including, but not limited to, the available plans of automobile manufacturers to deploy hydrogen-fueled vehicles in California and their progress toward achieving those plans, the rate of deployment of hydrogen-fueled vehicles, the length of time required to permit and construct hydrogen-fueling stations, the coverage and capacity of the existing hydrogen-fueling station network, and the amount and timing of growth in the fueling network to ensure fuel is available to these vehicles. The review shall also determine the remaining cost and timing to establish a network of 100 publicly available hydrogen-fueling stations and whether funding from the Alternative and Renewable Fuel and Vehicle Technology Program remains necessary to achieve this goal.
  (f) To assist in the implementation of this section and maximize the ability to deploy fueling infrastructure as rapidly as possible with the assistance of private capital, the commission may design grants, loan incentive programs, revolving loan programs, and other forms of financial assistance. The commission also may enter into an agreement with the Treasurer to provide financial assistance to further the purposes of this section.
  (g) Funds appropriated to the commission for the purposes of this section shall be available for encumbrance by the commission for up to four years from the date of the appropriation and for liquidation up to four years after expiration of the deadline to encumber.
  (h) Notwithstanding any other law, the state board, in consultation with districts, no later than July 1, 2014, shall convene working groups to evaluate the policies and goals contained within the Carl Moyer Memorial Air Quality Standards Attainment Program, pursuant to Section 44280, and Assembly Bill 923 (Chapter 707 of the Statutes of 2004).
  (i) This section shall remain in effect only until January 1, 2024, and as of that date is repealed, unless a later enacted statute, that is enacted before January 1, 2024, deletes or extends that date.

The state board may adopt, by regulation, a schedule of annual fees for the certification of motor vehicles and engines sold in the state to cover the costs of state programs authorized or required under this chapter related to mobile sources. The total amount of funds collected pursuant to this section shall not exceed four million five hundred thousand dollars ($4,500,000) in the 1989-90 fiscal year, and in any subsequent year shall not increase by an amount greater than the annual increase in the California Consumer Price Index, as determined pursuant to Section 2212 of the Revenue and Taxation Code, for the preceding year. The fees collected by the state board pursuant to this section shall be deposited in the Air Pollution Control Fund.

(a) Any person who knowingly violates any regulation adopted pursuant to this part by the state board pertaining to motor vehicle fuels is guilty of a misdemeanor and is subject to a fine of not more than one thousand dollars ($1,000) or imprisonment in the county jail for not more than six months, or both, for each violation.
  (b) The recovery of civil penalties pursuant to Section 43016 precludes prosecution pursuant to this section for the same offense. When the executive officer refers a violation to a prosecuting attorney, the filing of a criminal complaint is grounds requiring the dismissal of any civil action brought pursuant to Section 43016 for the same offense.

(a) Prior to expending any funds for any research, development, or demonstration program or project relating to vehicles or vehicle fuels, the state board shall do both of the following, using existing resources:
  (1) Adopt a plan describing any proposed expenditure that sets forth the expected costs and qualitative as well as quantitative benefits of the proposed program or project.
  (2) Find that the proposed program or project will not duplicate any other past or present publicly funded California program or project. This paragraph is not intended to prevent funding for programs or projects jointly funded with another public agency where there is no duplication .
  (b) Within 120 days from the date of the conclusion of a program or project subject to subdivision (a) that is funded by the state board, the state board shall issue a public report that sets forth the actual costs of the program or project, the results achieved and how they compare with expected costs and benefits determined pursuant to paragraph (1) of subdivision (a), and any problems that were encountered by the program or project.

The state board shall select projects for zero-emission vehicle leases or purchases and zero-emission vehicle infrastructure for the purpose of implementing any program to encourage the use of zero-emission vehicles through a competitive grant process that includes a public bidding process.

(a) As an alternative to seeking civil penalties under Chapter 1 (commencing with Section 43000) to Chapter 4 (commencing with Section 43800), inclusive, and Chapter 6 (commencing with Section 44200), for violation of state board regulations, the state board may impose an administrative penalty, as specified in this section, for a violation of this part, or any rule, regulation, permit, variance, or order of the state board pertaining to vehicular air pollution control except as otherwise provided in this division. An administrative penalty imposed pursuant to this section shall not exceed the amount that the state board is authorized to seek as a civil penalty for the applicable violation, and an administrative penalty imposed pursuant to this section shall not exceed ten thousand dollars ($10,000) for each day in which there is a violation up to a maximum of one-hundred-thousand-dollars ($100,000) per penalty assessment proceeding for any violation arising from the same conduct. This one hundred thousand dollar ($100,000) maximum penalty limitation does not apply in any judicial proceeding involving violations committed under this part.
  (b) Nothing in this section restricts the authority of the state board to negotiate mutual settlements under any other penalty provision of law that exceeds ten thousand dollars ($10,000) for each day in which there is a violation up to a maximum of one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) per penalty assessment proceeding.
  (c) The administrative penalties authorized by this section shall be imposed and recovered by the state board in administrative hearings established pursuant to Article 3 (commencing with Section 60065.1) and Article 4 (commencing with Section 60075.1) of Subchapter 1.25 of Chapter 1 of Division 3 of Title 17 of the California Code of Regulations, except that the hearings shall be conducted by an administrative law judge appointed by the Office of Administrative Hearings.
  (d) Nothing in this section authorizes the state board to impose penalties for categories of violations for which the state board may not seek penalties in a civil action.
  (e) If the state board imposes any administrative penalties pursuant to this section, the state board shall not bring any action pursuant to, or rely upon, Chapter 4 (commencing with Section 17000) of Part 2 of Division 7 of the Business and Professions Code.
  (f) In determining the amount of any administrative penalty imposed pursuant to this section, the state board shall take into consideration all relevant circumstances, including, but not limited to, those factors specified in subdivision (b) of Section 43031.
  (g) After an order imposing an administrative penalty becomes final pursuant to the hearing procedures identified in subdivision (c), and no petition for a writ of mandate has been filed within the time allotted for seeking judicial review of the order, the state board may apply to the Superior Court for the County of Sacramento for a judgment in the amount of the administrative penalty. The application, which shall include a certified copy of the final order of the administrative hearing officer, shall constitute a sufficient showing to warrant the issuance of the judgment.
  (h) This section does not apply to any violation for which a penalty may be assessed pursuant to Chapter 1.5 (commencing with Section 43025).
  (i) This section is not intended, and shall not be construed, to grant the state board authority to assess an administrative penalty for any category of violation that was not subject to enforcement by the state board as of January 1, 2002.
  (j) Any administrative penalty assessed pursuant to this section shall be paid to the Treasurer for deposit in the General Fund.
  (k) A party adversely affected by the final decision in the administrative hearing may seek independent judicial review by filing a petition for a writ of mandate in accordance with Section 1094.5 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
  (l) This section applies only to violations that occur on or after January 1, 2002.
  (m) The state board shall prepare and submit to the Legislature and the Governor a report summarizing the administrative penalties imposed by the state board pursuant to this section for calendar year 2011, and annually thereafter.

(a) Districts with a population of one million residents or greater, in consultation with the state board, shall ensure that not less than 50 percent of the funds appropriated for purposes of the programs specified in paragraphs (1) to (3), inclusive, are expended in a manner that directly reduces air contaminants or reduces the public health risks associated with air contaminants in those districts, including, but not limited to, airborne toxics and particulate matter, in communities with the most significant exposure to air contaminants or localized air contaminants, or both, including, but not limited to, communities of minority populations or low-income populations, or both:
  (1) The Carl Moyer Air Quality Standards Attainment Program (Chapter 9 (commencing with Section 44275) of Part 5 of Division 26 of the Health and Safety Code).
  (2) Programs for the purchase of reduced-emissions schoolbuses.
  (3) Diesel mitigation programs.
  (b) A district with less than one million residents is encouraged to expend funds available to the district for the purposes specified in subdivision (a) in a manner similar to that set forth in subdivision (a), to the extent that district determines that this is feasible.

(a) No later than March 1, 2011, the state board shall publish a penalty policy for civil or administrative penalties prescribed under Chapter 1 (commencing with Section 43000) to Chapter 4 (commencing with Section 43800), inclusive, and Chapter 6 (commencing with Section 44200).
  (b) The policy shall take into consideration all relevant circumstances, including, but not limited to, all of the following:
  (1) The extent of harm to public health, safety, and welfare caused by the violation.
  (2) The nature and persistence of the violation, including the magnitude of the excess emissions.
  (3) The compliance history of the defendant, including the frequency of past violations.
  (4) The preventive efforts taken by the defendant, including the record of maintenance and any program to ensure compliance.
  (5) The innovative nature and the magnitude of the effort required to comply, and the accuracy, reproducibility, and repeatability of the available test methods.
  (6) The efforts of the defendant to attain, or provide for, compliance.
  (7) The cooperation of the defendant during the course of the investigation and any action taken by the defendant, including the nature, extent, and time of response of any action taken to mitigate the violation.
  (8) The financial burden to the defendant.